Abstract:Package managers are legion. Every programming language and operating system has its own solution, each with subtly different semantics for dependency resolution. This fragmentation prevents multilingual projects from expressing precise dependencies across language ecosystems; it leaves external system and hardware dependencies implicit and unversioned; it obscures security vulnerabilities that lie in the full dependency graph. We present the \textit{Package Calculus}, a formalism for dependency resolution that unifies the core semantics of diverse package managers. Through a series of formal reductions, we show how this core is expressive enough to model the diversity that real-world package managers employ in their dependency expression languages. By using the Package Calculus as the intermediate representation of dependencies, we enable translation between distinct package managers and resolution across ecosystems.
公交车是城市的“流动窗口”,也是收集民情的“移动平台”。在银川工作生活,陈燕习惯在乘公交时与乘客们交流,收集大家对公交班次、站点设置、运营时间的意见建议。针对群众反映的部分公交线路设置、某些站点间距不合理等问题,她多次实地调研,结合城市交通流量特点,整理形成延长重点线路末班车时间、优化公交线路等具体建议。陈燕又主动对接公交公司、参与相关方案研讨。
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